IOSG: Are SBET Coiners Innovator Narratives or Ethereum Leverage?

Blockbeats
22 Jul
Original Article Title: "IOSG: Are SBTC Equities an Innovation Narrative or Ethereum Leverage?"
Original Article Author: Sam, IOSG Ventures

TL;DR

· High Concentration of Holdings: MSTR holds 2.865% of a publicly traded company's BTC total, while Top10 external holdings are relatively low

· Severe Project Homogenization: Most reserve projects lack sustainable advantages, long-term NAV premiums, or fading relative to superior projects

· Valuation Bubble Emerging: NAV multiples generally >2× (only a few <1×), stock prices are easily driven by announcements, while bear market risks can quickly erode premiums

· Metaplanet utilizes zero-coupon convertible bonds + SAR financing, taking advantage of a 20% dividend tax and 55% Bitcoin transaction tax arbitrage

· SPAC/PIPE/Convertible Bonds/Physical Commitments are mainstream, TwentyOne and ProCap achieve listing through multi-step mergers to achieve full reserves

· SharpLink's financing size exceeds $8.38 billion, nearly fully collateralized with ETH, Joseph Lubin joins the board, and an OTC delivery of 10,000 ETH is conducted with the Ethereum Foundation

· BTCS innovatively borrows USDT through Aave to purchase ETH for collateral, while being sensitive to borrowing rates and on-chain liquidity

· Crypto funds strategically allocate reserve stocks through PIPE and other methods, establish dedicated funds; industry veterans serve as strategic advisors, providing real-world support and professional experience

Introduction

The frenzy surrounding public companies shifting to a cryptocurrency reserve strategy shows no signs of abating. Some companies see this as a last-ditch effort to save their business, while others simply replicate MicroStrategy's approach, but a few truly innovative projects have stood out.

This article will explore the leaders in Bitcoin and Ethereum strategic reserves—analyzing how they offer an alternative to a spot ETF, deploy complex financing structures, achieve tax optimization, create staking rewards, integrate with the DeFi ecosystem, and leverage unique competitive advantages.

Bitcoin

Overview

According to the rectangular tree chart from BitcoinTreasuries.net, among entities publicly disclosing their holdings, MicroStrategy has rapidly risen to become the largest corporate holder, second only to iShares Bitcoin Trust, controlling nearly 2.865% of the total 21 million supply, just today.

bitcointreasuries.net

Nevertheless, ETFs and trusts still dominate, led by iShares, Fidelity, and Grayscale. At the sovereign state level, the US and China hold the most Bitcoin, with Ukraine also maintaining a significant reserve. In private companies, Block.one and Tether Holdings are at the forefront.

Among all entities holding Bitcoin, the US and Canada rank first, followed by the UK. However, notable mentions include Japan's Metaplanet (ranked 5th) and China's Next Technology Holding (ranked 12th).

bitcointreasuries.net

The following list shows the top 30 publicly traded companies holding Bitcoin, with MicroStrategy leading significantly.

Even excluding MicroStrategy, MARA and Twenty One Capital still remain at the top, but the distribution of holdings remains highly concentrated, with the amount of Bitcoin held by most companies outside the top ten only at a moderate level compared to the leaders.

bitcointreasuries.net, IOSG

When assessing public traded companies’ Bitcoin reserves, two key metrics are particularly noteworthy:

Present Value to Cost Ratio

Compare the current USD value of a Bitcoin holding to the initial payment cost. A higher ratio indicates significant unrealized gains — boosting the return potential and providing a buffer against market volatility.

Bitcoin Net Asset Value Multiple (BTC NAV Multiple)

The mNAV is calculated by dividing a company's market value by the USD value of its Bitcoin reserves; some companies use Enterprise Value (EV) instead of market value when reporting mNAV.

This multiple reflects investors' premium evaluation of a company's non-crypto asset core business.

When mNAV > 1, the market values the company higher than the value of its Bitcoin holdings, indicating investors are willing to pay a premium for each unit of "Bitcoin holding."

The key is that mNAV > 1 enables anti-dilutive financing: when mNAV > 1, the company can issue new shares → purchase Bitcoin → increase Bitcoin's net asset value → drive Enterprise Value (EV) growth while increasing Bitcoin holdings per share.

An analysis of NAV multiples for the top 30 companies shows a significant disparity group, such as Tesla (TSLA) and Coinbase (COIN). Due to these companies not primarily focusing on Bitcoin reserves and having other core businesses, their NAV multiples are accordingly higher.

bitcointreasuries.net, IOSG

Excluding companies without Bitcoin reserves, it is evident that most companies actually trade at higher NAV multiples — many exceeding 2. Only four are below NAV = 1, and large holders like MSTR and MARA do not exhibit the extreme multiples seen in small companies.

bitcointreasuries.net, IOSG

According to data from BitcoinTreasuries.net, companies that provide comprehensive public disclosures do show a high cost basis ratio, reflecting significant unrealized gains — likely because more profitable companies tend to lean towards disclosing relevant information.

bitcointreasuries.net, IOSG

Metaplanet Inc. (MPLAN)

Among the many public companies following the MicroStrategy strategy, one Japanese company stands out—Metaplanet. To date, it has accumulated 16,352 bitcoins, ranking among the top five public companies holding bitcoin and significantly accelerating its pace of acquisition over the past few months.

bitcointreasuries.net, IOSG

As self-described: "Raised $5 billion in equity capital," "Japan's largest equity issuer by 2025," "Largest-ever zero-cost financing."

Japan's interest rates have remained low for an extended period, with an increase to 0.25% in July 2024 and a subsequent rise to 0.5% in January 2025, currently standing at 0.5%. This interest rate differential is also evident in the convertible bond market: as shown in Metaplanet's chart, U.S.-issued convertibles generally have higher yields, while Japanese issuances feature very low rates and lower volatility.

Metaplanet Investor Deck

Despite Japan's generally low market rates, Metaplanet's "zero-rate financing" is not without cost—the company balances the expense by granting Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs) as compensation.

Metaplanet Analytics

Metaplanet initially raised cash by issuing six-month zero-coupon bonds at par value. To ensure solvency, the company, pursuant to the same board resolution, granted EVO Fund a corresponding number of Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs).

The bond contracts stipulate that at maturity, Metaplanet must utilize the cash paid by EVO Fund upon the floating exercise price of the SARs to redeem the bonds as the sole source of funds.

Through this arrangement, Metaplanet has avoided any regular interest payments.

The revenue sources of the EVO Fund include dual safeguards:

1. Principal Protection: The principal is repaid in full in cash upon bond maturity, mitigating the risk of underlying stock price declines;

2. Upside Income: When the Metaplanet stock price exceeds the floating strike price, the EVO Fund generates income from the price difference by exercising SARs.

Metaplanet Investor Deck

The "5.55 Billion Plan" launched on June 6, 2025 (Stock Appreciation Rights #20-#22) is Metaplanet's largest financing scheme to date. A total of 5.55 billion Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs) were issued, equivalent to 92.4% of the outstanding 6.007 billion shares, with a maximum financing of up to 7.7 trillion yen post-exercise. The initial floating strike price of the rights is 1,388 yen per share, reset every three trading days based on the previous three days' closing prices at 100%/101%/102%, but not lower than the 777 yen lower guard price.

The EVO Fund can exercise its rights at any time between June 24, 2025, and June 23, 2027, during which Metaplanet will issue new shares and receive the exercise funds. To control equity dilution and market impact, Metaplanet may suspend exercise with a five-day prior notice or repurchase unexercised portions with a two-week notice.

Another core value is the tax advantage: In Japan, capital gains from stock and dividends are subject to a single tax rate of about 20%, whereas profits from spot Bitcoin trading are treated as miscellaneous income, subject to a progressive national tax rate of 5%-45%, plus a 10% local resident tax (and applicable additional tax), with a maximum comprehensive tax rate of 55%. For high-tax bracket investors seeking Bitcoin exposure, Metaplanet becomes an attractive alternative—especially as Japan has yet to approve the listing of spot Bitcoin ETFs.

Metaplanet Investor Deck

Metaplanet has historically traded at a higher mNAV multiple—typically over 5×, even reaching 20× at one point—far exceeding other major holders. While this premium reflects investor confidence in its financing structure, tax advantages, and optimized Bitcoin returns, it also brings higher risk and may indicate that its stock price is being overhyped.

Other Bitcoin Reserve Companies: Riding the SPAC Wave

Several companies are now rushing to emulate MicroStrategy's Bitcoin reserve strategy. Notably, Twenty One Capital (ranked 3rd) and ProCap Financial (ranked 13th) and other SPAC companies leveraged a complex fundraising structure to immediately emerge as top holders post-merger.

Twenty One Capital, Inc.

Co-founded by Strike CEO Jack Mallers. Twenty One's SPAC path involved a fusion of physical Bitcoin commitment, PIPE and convertible bond financing, and a two-step merger structure, allowing the company to debut on Nasdaq with a fully funded 42,000 BTC reserve on day one.

The transaction started with Tether and Bitfinex committing 31,500 BTC to a private entity named NewCo, with Tether additionally investing $462 million to purchase BTC. A $200 million PIPE provided funding to the SPAC trust, which then merged into its subsidiary and issued Class A shares to SPAC and PIPE investors.

Simultaneously, NewCo completed a share exchange merger with the same subsidiary, swapping Class A and B shares. A $3.4 billion convertible bond financing was directly injected into Twenty One. Twenty One then used the funds from PIPE and the convertible bond to repurchase the BTC originally committed by Tether and Bitfinex. SoftBank, as a strategic anchor investor, subscribed to equity worth 10,500 BTC. If the final reserve falls short of the 42,000 BTC target, Tether Inc. will be responsible for the shortfall.

Twenty One Investor Deck

Post-SPAC merger, the majority ownership of Twenty One will be held by Tether and its affiliated exchange Bitfinex, with the SoftBank Group holding a significant minority stake.

Twenty One Investor Deck

Tether and Bitfinex each committed a significant amount of Bitcoin to exchange for newly issued shares before the merger, ultimately holding majority stakes (Tether 42.8%, Bitfinex 16.0%). SoftBank then purchased shares worth 10,500 Bitcoins at the same price, acquiring a similar proportion of ownership (24.0%). In contrast, the SPAC trust held less cash (about $100 million) along with PIPE and convertible bond holdings.

ProCap BTC (PCAP)

ProCap Financial raised a total of $1.008 billion to launch its Bitcoin reserve platform, with $256 million from the SPAC trust (assuming minimal redemption quota), $517 million from preferred stock PIPE, and $235 million from zero-coupon, senior secured convertible notes. Nearly 95% of the total fundraising amount ($950 million) was immediately used to purchase 9,498 Bitcoins.

ProCap BTC Investor Deck

Public SPAC shareholders swapped $256 million in the trust for 25 million shares, representing 19.7%; Magnetar Capital, ParaFi, Blockchain.com Ventures, Arrington Capital, Woodline Partners, Anson Funds, RK Capital, Off the Chain Capital, FalconX, BSQ Capital, among others, collectively led a $517 million preferred stock PIPE, subscribing for 63.5 million shares, representing 50.1%; the $235 million zero-coupon, senior secured convertible notes converted into 18.1 million shares, accounting for 14.3%; Inflection Points Inc. exchanged its existing shares and additionally subscribed $8.5 million in equity, receiving 11.1 million shares, representing 8.7%; the SPAC sponsor retained a promote of 9 million shares, representing 7.1%.

Despite the generally lackluster performance of SPAC deals, Bitcoin reserve-type SPACs have been well-received for their transparency in shareholding and cost basis. Their S-1/S-4 registration statements extensively disclose cash contributions, equity allocations, and the contributed value of physical Bitcoins (e.g., TwentyOne Capital's $200 million PIPE financing corresponds to a $10 exercise price per share, $385 million zero-coupon convertible notes convert at $13 per share, and the pre- and post-conversion share counts are clearly outlined). As these companies share a similar "acquire and hold Bitcoin" business model, such disclosures provide investors with a reliable reference for assessing dilution, cost basis, and reserve composition.

Compared to the recent trend of SPAC financing relying on complex structures, early adopters such as Next Technology Holding accumulated a Bitcoin reserve through more direct equity cash transactions.

Meanwhile, GameStop's move is also noteworthy: on May 28, 2025, the game retailer, which has a cash reserve of $4.8 billion, announced the purchase of 4,710 bitcoins for approximately $513 million as part of its digital asset strategy.

Cash-Rich Crypto Platforms

While many companies are emulating MicroStrategy's full-bitcoin strategy, there are also many native crypto platforms that continue to prudently invest in digital assets, occasionally seeing one-time large buyers like Tesla.

bitcointreasuries.net, IOSG

Tether, the issuer of USDT, has actively started incorporating Bitcoin into its reserves since the end of 2022, using up to 15% of its net profit quarterly for direct market purchases and renewable energy mining investments. As Paolo Ardoino, its CTO, stated: "By holding Bitcoin, we have added a long-term asset with upside potential to our reserves." Tether also stated that this move "enhances market confidence in USDT by diversifying reserves into a digital asset value store." Therefore, Tether's Bitcoin reserves have been growing quarterly since 2023—it has now doubled to over 100,000 bitcoins and has accumulated approximately $3.9 billion in unrealized gains.

In October 2020, Block (formerly Square) made its first "bet" by purchasing 4,709 bitcoins for $50 million, representing about 1% of its assets at the time. In the first quarter of 2021, it added $170 million more (3,318 bitcoins), increasing the reserve size to over 8,000 bitcoins. Block has since maintained its Bitcoin holdings. In April 2024, Block launched an enterprise dollar-cost averaging plan, allocating 10% of the monthly bitcoin product gross profit to execute systematic buys at the two-hour volume-weighted average price through over-the-counter liquidity providers.

In August 2021, Coinbase formally solidified its corporate Bitcoin strategy, with the board approving a one-time $500 million purchase of digital assets and committing to investing 10% of quarterly net income into a portfolio that includes Bitcoin.

In January 2021, Tesla's board of directors approved a $1.5 billion purchase of Bitcoin, citing that "we believe in the long-term potential of digital assets both as an investment and as a store of value." Months later, CEO Elon Musk stated that Tesla had sold approximately 10% of its Bitcoin to "prove liquidity," realizing a $128 million gain in the first quarter of 2021; in the second quarter of 2022, Tesla sold the remaining 75% of its holdings, with Musk explaining this move as a way to "maximize cash position amid production challenges in China due to the pandemic," while emphasizing that "this should not be taken as a negative judgment on Bitcoin."

Ethereum

Many companies have enthusiastically joined the Ethereum reserve camp with a strategy similar to MicroStrategy's Bitcoin strategy—driven by bullish expectations for ETH, staking rewards, and the current inability of ETH ETFs to participate in staking. As Wintermute founder Evgeny Gaevoy stated on July 17, "It's clear that you can hardly buy ETH on Wintermute's OTC trading desk."

strategicethreserve.xyz

Companies participating in the Ethereum reserve strategy are marked with a "T" symbol. Leading companies include BitMine, SharpLink, Big Digital, and BTCS, all of which have seen significant increases in holdings in the past 30 days, reflecting their proactive ETH accumulation trend.

While BitMine and SharpLink's holdings have surpassed those of the Ethereum Foundation, their individual holdings, compared to MicroStrategy's control of nearly 2.865% of the Bitcoin circulating supply, are still moderate—about 0.25% and 0.23% of the total supply, respectively. Moreover, most of these Ethereum reserve projects were initiated between May and July of this year, indicating a very recent trend.

SharpLink Gaming (NASDAQ: SBET)

SharpLink Gaming is a Nasdaq-listed iGaming affiliate company that announced the initiation of an Ethereum reserve strategy through a $425 million private placement in 2025.

SharpLink structured this strategy around two financing channels: a large PIPE (Public Market Private Investment in Public Equity) and an ATM (At-the-Market) equity mechanism. On May 27, 2025, SharpLink announced the completion of a $425 million PIPE (69.1 million shares at a price of $6.15 per share) led by ConsenSys (company of Joe Lubin), ParaFi Capital, Electric Capital, Pantera Capital, Arrington Capital, GSR, Primitive Ventures, and other leading crypto VCs.

Following the transaction, Lubin joined SharpLink’s board and assumed the role of Chairman, overseeing the strategic direction of the Ethereum treasury project.

SharpLink Investor Deck

Post the PIPE, SharpLink initiated an ATM distribution mechanism to sell stocks to the market based on demand. For example, by the end of June 2025, approximately $64 million was raised through ATM sales, and in early July 2025, 24.57 million shares were sold, raising around $413 million.

Simultaneously, SharpLink committed to staking almost 100% of its ETH holdings to earn rewards. By mid-July 2025, around 99.7% of its Ethereum assets were actively staked.

On July 10, 2025, SharpLink reached a final agreement with the Ethereum Foundation to directly purchase 10,000 ETH for a total price of $25,723,680 (equivalent to $2,572.37 per ETH). This marked the first off-market transaction between the Ethereum Foundation and a publicly traded company.

SharpLink’s Ethereum treasury value proposition is built on four core pillars: attractive staking rewards, high Total Value Secured (TVS), operational efficiency, and broader network effects. Staking rewards not only provide a stable income buffer for the treasury allocation but also help offset the acquisition cost. Currently, Ethereum's TVS is at $0.80 trillion, with a security ratio of 5.9×—the total value of on-chain secured ETH, ERC-20 tokens, and NFTs ($0.80 trillion) divided by the value of staked ETH ($0.14 trillion). In addition to these financial metrics, Ethereum boasts superior energy efficiency compared to proof-of-work networks, has thousands of independent validators for deep decentralization, and has a clear scalability roadmap through sharding and Layer 2 solutions.

BTCS Inc. (NASDAQ: BTCS)

On July 8, 2025, BTCS (Blockchain Technology & Consensus Solutions) announced plans to raise $100 million in 2025 to fund the acquisition of its Ethereum reserves.

BTCS has devised a hybrid financing model that combines traditional financing with decentralized finance: it will provide funding for ongoing ETH accumulation through ATM equity sales, convertible bond issuance, and on-chain DeFi borrowing through Aave.

On the on-chain front, BTCS's strategy revolves around Aave: the company borrows USDT with ETH as collateral on the Aave protocol, then uses the funds obtained to purchase additional ETH. Subsequently, BTCS stakes these ETH through its NodeOps validator network to earn rewards. CEO Charles Allen emphasized that this low-cost, steady advancement strategy – "slow and steady wins the race" – aims to increase the per-share ETH holdings at the lowest cost possible.

For instance, in June 2025, BTCS borrowed an additional $2.5 million USDT on Aave (increasing its Aave debt total to $4 million) with approximately 3,900 ETH as collateral. In July 2025, it borrowed an additional $2.34 million USDT (Aave debt total approximately $17.8 million) with approximately 16,232 ETH as collateral.

Most of the newly acquired ETH was staked. BTCS plugged these ETH into its NodeOps validator network, simultaneously running independent validator nodes and RocketPool nodes.

BTCS's on-chain strategy is quite innovative – merging DeFi into its strategic reserve strategy. However, its cost advantage depends on the interest rate environment of the Aave platform, and leveraged operations come with inherent risks. Meanwhile, other companies focusing on reserve management may reduce on-chain liquidity due to the surge in ETH demand. As a possible exacerbator of this form of on-chain leverage buyer, BTCS may support prices in the short term, but long-term effects need careful monitoring – especially when its position is significant enough to influence the Aave market.

Other Companies

BitMine Immersion Technologies (NYSE American: BMNR)

July 8, 2025 (Initial Funding). Cryptocurrency mining company BitMine initiated its "light asset" Ethereum reserve strategy in July 2025 and completed a $250 million private investment in public equity (PIPE) on the same day to purchase ETH. Within a week, BitMine accumulated approximately 300,657 ETH. The company publicly stated that its long-term goal is to "acquire and stake 5% of all ETH."

Bit Digital (NASDAQ: BTBT)

July 7, 2025. Originally focused on Bitcoin mining, Bit Digital announced its transition to an Ethereum reserve strategy. According to their press release on that day, Bit Digital raised approximately $172 million through a public stock offering and liquidated 280 BTC from its balance sheet to reinvest the proceeds into Ethereum. As a result, the company now holds about 100,603 ETH (accumulated through staking activities since 2022).

GameSquare Holdings (NASDAQ: GAME)

July 10, 2025. Digital media/gaming company GameSquare launched a $100 million Ethereum reserve plan. In their announcement on that day, GameSquare confirmed an initial investment of $5 million to purchase approximately 1,818 ETH at a price of around $2,749 per ETH. The company initially raised $9.2 million in its July initial public offering (IPO) and later announced an additional $70 million follow-on offering (with an option to upsize to $80.5 million) to further expand its ETH reserves.

Conclusion

The trend of corporate cryptocurrency reserves has extended beyond Bitcoin and Ethereum—many companies are expanding their reserve portfolios to include SOL, BNB, XRP, HYPE, and more to gain a competitive edge.

However, most projects are highly homogeneous, lacking sustainable competitive advantages, and their Net Asset Value (NAV) premiums will likely be eroded over time by competitors with stronger strategic positions.

Truly advantaged enterprises often have a stronger financing structure and strategic partnerships. For example, Metaplanet benefits from Japan's favorable tax treatment of stocks and the lack of a BTC spot ETF market environment; Twenty One employs a complex financing structure to utilize all available channels to acquire Bitcoin — and has established strategic partnerships with Tether, Bitfinex, and SoftBank, propelling it to the third largest holder, maximizing its scale advantage. Meanwhile, SharpLink, led by ConsenSys and top-tier crypto VCs, welcomed Joseph Lubin to its board, and BTCS entered the Ethereum DeFi ecosystem.

For retail investors, exercising caution is crucial: amid a huge hype, many companies are still trading at high NAV multiples, with their stock prices often fluctuating due to announcements — and investors often lack the transparent, real-time information needed to assess company changes. In addition, broader market risks, especially in a bear market, may quickly erode any premiums brought about by these strategies.

In the institutional realm, an increasing number of crypto funds are allocating to crypto reserve stocks or even launching dedicated funds. Meanwhile, seasoned industry veterans are stepping in as strategic advisors.

Sources

MSTR

https://assets.contentstack.io/v3/assets/bltf8d808d9b8cebd37/blt76ac4b2d94d99cde/6762ebc6db373a6a8250c416/form-10-k_02-15-2024.pdf
https://assets.contentstack.io/v3/assets/bltf8d808d9b8cebd37/blt4d4d5c4434567d5b/67b48657d23509f075a2876f/form-10-k_02-18-2025.pdf
https://assets.contentstack.io/v3/assets/bltf8d808d9b8cebd37/blt141ce95c56a3d12a/681924eeb7c4fc93ef6998c7/form-10-q_05-05-2025.pdf
https://assets.contentstack.io/v3/assets/bltf8d808d9b8cebd37/bltf134a12423806bf1/681427785f6726700cbfa9a4/q1-2025-strategy-earnings-presentation.pdf

Metaplanet

https://aqsmixvnbavrufgttwsn.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/media-resources/en/34f1c60d-801a-4005-8ef9-6bc20955f295/2025-2027-bitcoin-plan-20250610T144043295Z.pdf
https://aqsmixvnbavrufgttwsn.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/media-resources/en/0d88d8bd-6982-48fe-a25d-67dd8022b7d6/bitcoin-vegas-2025-keynote-20250602T001139138Z.pdf
https://metaplanet.jp/en/analytics

Others BTC

https://bitcointreasuries.net/
https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1865602/000121390025034374/ea023922201ex99-3_cantor.htm
https://app.boardroomalpha.com/sec_feed/2025/QTR2/0001213900-25-057290/ea024650601ex99-2_columbus1.htm
https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1889123/000121390024063750/ea020989901ex99-1_ftac.htm

Ethereum

https://www.strategicethreserve.xyz/
https://investors.sharplink.com/
https://d2ghdaxqb194v2.cloudfront.net/2597/197831.pdf
https://bitminetech.io/investor-relations/
https://bitminetech.io/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/BitMine-Corporate-Presentation-6-10-25.pdf
https://bit-digital.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/BTBT-IR-Deck-Mar-2025.pdf
https://x.com/aya_kantor/status/1946303119077286105
https://www.galaxy.com/insights/research/beyond-btc-ethereum-as-a-corporate-treasury-asset

Others

https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/07/14/3114584/0/en/Sonnet-BioTherapeutics-Inc-Announces-888-Million-Business-Combination-to-Launch-a-HYPE-Cryptocurrency-Treasury-Reserve-Strategy.html
https://solstrategies.io/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/2025-01-28-presentation.p

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